COURSE CONTENT

Introduction

Classification of organic compounds.

-Homologous series, Aromatic character, Stereochemistry, Isomers. Chemical bonds and forces between atoms and molecules.

Factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions. Spectroscopic methods. Concepts of Concentration – Molarity – Solutions.

Acids – bases according to Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis.

Water dissociation, pH.

Buffers.

Thermodynamics.

Kinetics of chemical reactions.

Amino acids -Structure and properties.

Proteins

-Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure.

-Forces involved in the formation of protein structures.

• Denaturation of proteins.

-Experimental determination of protein structures.

• X-ray crystallography, NMR, Machine learning Protein function

-Hemoglobin. Structure and function. Effect of 2,3-BPG. Bohr effect. -Allosteric effect, Symmetrical and sequential pattern.

Protein purification and identification -Differential centrifugation.

-Solubility of proteins.

-Chromatography.

• Molecular filtration, Ion exchange, Affinity chromatography, HPLC. -Electrophoresis.

-Isoelectric focusing, 2D electrophoresis.

-Antibodies – Immunological methods.

• Polyclonal – Monoclonal antibodies, ELISA, Western blot.

-Mass spectroscopy.

• Determination of amino acid composition.

Determination of amino acid sequence.

-Specific cleavage of polypeptides, Separation of polypeptide chains, Synthesis of peptides. -Information we can get from the structure of a protein.

-Protein purification.

Enzymes

-Properties of enzymes.

-Nomenclature of enzymes.

-Thermodynamics of enzymes.

-Active center of enzymes.

– Michaelis-Menten kinetics – KM, Vmax, Kcat/KM -Lineweaver-Burk equation.

-Reactions with many substrates.

-Allosteric enzymes.

-Other factors affecting enzyme activity.

Enzyme inhibition.

-Reversible, Irreversible. Competitive, Non-competitive, Mixed, Non-competitive. Regulation of enzyme activity.

-Compartmentalization.

-Multienzyme systems.

-Proteolytic activation.

Covalent modification.

-Isozymes.

-Allosteric modification.

-Proteolytic regulation.